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  Ceramic heaters are mainly divided into two types: alumina and silicon nitride, with the following characteristics: 1. Miniaturization, light weight, and power saving; capable of achieving high power density and high thermal efficiency, allowing for the installation of heating elements with various capacities simultaneously. 2. Excellent thermal characteristics, demonstrated by fast heating rates and the ability to achieve any temperature distribution. 3. High safety and reliability, reflected in good electrical insulation performance and voltage resistance characteristics, with heating resistance not oxidizing, minimal disconnection and aging, and good corrosion resistance. 4. Wide application, capable of heating liquids such as water and kerosene, as well as solids like metals. 5. Environmentally friendly, with no pollution or noise. Types and basic structure of ceramic heaters: The ceramic heating resistance material (resistance film, resistance sheet, or resistance wire) is embed

    For vehicles with engine, fuel is combusted in the engine cylinders with participation of oxygen, , and exhaust is vented to the air after catalytic treatment. Pistons in cylinders are driven and move, which are connected to the engine main shaft, and the shaft rotates to provide power for vehicles.   It’s not complicated to calculate the ratio of fuel and oxygen (actually the air) ratio, however the engine output changes all the time since the vehicle may accelerate or slow down, climb up or stop to wait for the traffic lights, so the fuel injection shall be adjusted by the ECU (engine control unit) all the time. Oxygen concentration in the exhaust is an important indication for fuel injection amount, when it’s high that means fuel is too less (also called lean combustion), oppositely, fuel injection is too much (also called rich combustion) when oxygen concentration is low. Therefore, oxygen sensor is applied to detect oxygen concentration in exhaust, and the measured result can

     Oxygen sensors  on vehicles are indispensable components, for their two main functions, one is to detect oxygen in exhaust, transmit result to ECU and control fuel injection, the other is to monitor catalytic system working, to not emit hazardous substance over limit of regulations. Therefore there at least two oxygen sensors installed on the engine, the former is front oxygen sensor and the latter is back oxygen sensors, as shown in the figure below. For some engines, more than two oxygen sensors are installed to get higher reliability, two front O2 sensors + one back O2 sensor, or even two front O2 sensors + two back O2 sensors.     Oxygen sensor on vehicles is working at high temperature, and directly contacts with corrosive gases, ceramic material is used to produce the sensor measuring chip. There are two types of ceramic material to produce measuring chip, titanium oxide (titania, TiO2) and zirconium oxide (zirconia, ZrO2). TiO2 ceramic resistance changes with variation of o

  What are  heat-resistant quartz glass pipes ? Imagine having a material that can withstand extreme temperatures without breaking a sweat. That's what these pipes are all about. They are crafted from quartz glass, known for its exceptional ability to resist heat. These pipes are not just fancy pieces of glass but are crucial components in various industries. From laboratories to industrial settings, they play a pivotal role.   Understanding Quartz Glass   What is Quartz Glass? Quartz glass, also known as fused quartz, is a type of glass made from silicon dioxide. Unlike regular glass, which is made from a mixture of materials, quartz glass is pure and has unique properties that set it apart.   Properties of Quartz Glass Quartz glass boasts high thermal stability, excellent optical clarity, and impressive chemical resistance. It can endure temperatures up to 1,200 degrees Celsius without melting or deforming, making it an ideal material for heat-resistant applications.   Heat Resis

  In the intricate landscape of semiconductor fabrication, where precision and purity reign supreme, high-purity   quartz tubes  emerge as a cornerstone material. These tubes, crafted from ultra-fine, ultrapure inorganic compounds, defy conventional ceramic norms, offering unparalleled characteristics tailored for the most demanding applications. Their exceptional resistance to thermal shock, chemical inertness, and exceptional optical clarity make them indispensable in the crucible of modern chip production. The Benefits of High-Purity Quartz Tubes in Semiconductor Manufacturing Purity Unmatched:  The cornerstone of high-purity quartz's appeal lies in its ultra-low impurity levels, mitigating contamination risks that can jeopardize yield rates and device performance. This purity ensures a pristine environment for the delicate processes of wafer deposition, etching, and diffusion. Thermal Stability:  Withstanding extreme temperatures without distortion or degradation, these tubes f